Paradigms of programming language

Some of the most common paradigms are:-

1)  Imperative — Control flow is an explicit sequence of commands.

2)  Functional (Applicative)— Computation proceeds by (nested) function calls that avoid any                                                             global state.

3)  Logic (Rule-based) — Programmer specifies a set of facts and rules, and an engine infers the                                                   answers to questions.

4)  Object-Oriented — Computation is effected by sending messages to objects; objects have state                                            and behavior.

   #Those were the most common paradigms of programming language.Other programming paradigms are as follows:-

*   Structured :          Programs have clean, goto-free, nested control structures.

*   Procedural :          Imperative programming with procedure calls.

*   Declarative :         Programs state the result you want, not how to get it.

*   Function-Level :  Programs have no variables.

*   Class-based :        Objects get their state and behavior based on members in a class.

*   Prototype-based :Objects get their behavior from a prototype object.

*   Event-Driven :     Control flow is determined by asynchronous actions (from humans or                                                     sensors).

*   Flow-Driven :       Computation is specified by multiple processes communicating over                                                     predefined channels.

*   Constraint :          Programmer specifies a set of constraints, and an engine infers the answers to                                       questions.

*   Aspect-Oriented : Programs have cross-cutting concerns applied transparently.

*   Reflective :            Programs manipulate their own structures.

*   Array :                  Operators are extended to arrays, so loops are normally unnecessary.

     # Programming languages included in most common paradigms has been listed below:-

1)  Functional- Lisp,ML,Scheme,etc.

2)  Imperative- Fortran,algol,Pascal,C,Cobol,etc.

3)  Logic- prolog Datalog,GHC,Parlog,Vulcan,Polka,Mercury,Fnil,etc

4)  Object Oriented- C++,java,smalltalk,eiffel,delphi,etc.

   

    # Along with that there are some programming languages which allows programming in many paradigms which is called multi-paradigm language.Some of it are python,PHP,perl,Scala,D,Ada,etc

  #Information about some paradigms are as follows:

**  Imperative paradigm **

Introduction:

 - The imperative programming paradigm assumes that the computer can maintain through                  environments of variables any changes in a computation process. Computations are performed            through a guided sequence of steps, in which these variables are referred to or changed. The order      of the steps is crucial, because a given step will have different consequences depending on the            current values of variables when the step is executed. 

Advantages:

 -efficient,close to the machine,popular,familiar.

Disadvantages:

 -The semantics of a program can be complex to understand or prove.

** Logic paradigm **

Introduction:

 - The Logical Paradigm takes a declarative approach to problem-solving. Various logical assertions       about a situation are made, establishing all known facts. Then queries are made. The role of the           computer becomes maintaining data and logical deduction. 

Advantages:

 -Programming steps themselves are kept to a minimum;

 -Proving the validity of a given program is simple.

** Functional paradigm **

Introduction:

 -The Functional Programming paradigm views all subprograms as functions in the mathematical         sense-informally, they take in arguments and return a single solution. The solution returned is based   entirely on the input, and the time at which a function is called has no relevance. The computational   model is therefore one of function application and reduction. 

Advantages:

 -The lack of dependence on assignment operations, allowing programs to be evaluated in many           different orders. 

Disadvantages:

 -Less efficiency

** Object-Oriented **

Introduction:

 -Object Oriented Programming (OOP) is a paradigm in which real-world objects are each viewed as     seperate entities  having their own state which is modified only by built in procedures, called               methods.Because objects operate independently, they are encapsulated into modules which contain     both local environments and methods. Communication with an object is done by message passing.

Features:

 -Objects are organized into classes, from which they inherit methods.

 -The ability to use inheritance is the single most distinguishing feature of the OOP paradigm. 

  Its chief benefit over other programming paradigms - relatively easy code reuse and extension             without the need to change existing source code.

 -Ideally, the state of an object is manipulated and accessed only by that object's methods. (Most O-O   languages allow direct manipulation of the state, but such access is stylistically discouraged). In this   way, a class' interface (how objects of that class are accessed) is separate from class' implementation  (the actual code of  the class' methods). Thus encapsulation and information hiding are inherent  benefits of OOP.